Chapter 30 Study Guide
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
Man made in charge of the Committee of Public Information whose job was to make sure that the Americans will support the war.
Bernard Baruch
The man appointed to be leader of the War Industries Board in which he tried to make a complete shift in the industry and economy to help the economy.
Henry Cabot Lodge
The man that Wilson took with him when he went to Europe to make peace and this guy modified things in the Treaty of Versailles
James M. Cox
The Democratic nominee for the 1920 election. He was pro League of Nations.
Self-Determination
The belief that it is best for a nation to vote by itself what kind of government it wants, preferably democracy.
Collective security
a security arrangement in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to peace
Normalcy
Warren G. Harding promise to return America to pre WWI feelings
Zimmerman Note
The note that tipped America into war that was going from Germany to Mexico telling them to go to war with the US.
Fourteen Points
The 14 points of Wilson that he wanted to bring to the peace conference all the way in Europe.
League of Nations
The biggest thing on Wilson’s agenda to have a league of nations that are willing to solve problems diplomatically rather than violently.
Committee on Public Information
The committee Wilson formed to spread propaganda for Americans so that they would join the war efforts.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The acts passed by congress during the war to make the people scare themselves into being loyal and also made it illegal for them to speak up against the government.
Industrial Workers of the World
A union that wants to connect all unions in the world internationally and form a super union for worker’s rights.
War Industries Board
A board designed to change the course of the industry in America so that it helps them fight the war that is going on.
Nineteenth Amendment
passed in 1920 and acknowledged women’s suffrage
Food Administration
an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety
Irreconcilables
The senators called that because they were considered impossible to change their minds. They were against the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
treaty that ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and pay war reparations
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmerman
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Woodrow Wilson did not want to declare war on Germany for many reasons, one being which it would drag America from neutrality into the affairs of the European nations. He gave a speech titled “Peace without Victory”, it’s based on the fact that America would defeat Germany and embarrass them so it rather not attend to the fighting. The Germans responded with by taking their Sussex Pledge back, and began to attack all ships on sight with unlimited submarine warfare. After that, the last straw was the Zimmerman note that was intercepted by the British, and it from Germany to Mexico, telling them to start a war with the US to distract the US from the European affairs. Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson came to claim that his goals in the war was to make the world safe for democracy, and tospread it across Europe or any nation that is willing to take it. He also aimed to prevent there from being a ultra-destructive war from occurring and America was to protect the Allied. These qualities set the Americans apart from the others because they weren’t fighting over some land or stuff like that, they fought for freedom. ‘Merica! It also convinced many of the Americans who were reluctant to join the cause join the war, and to support it even to an extent.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson had a list of fourteen points in which he addressed to Congress about his goals of the war. One of them was to abolish secret treaties, which destroy countries relations over time. Another one was that he wanted to make it so the seas were free for anyone to travel. He wanted to remove the economic borders that prevented smooth trade from happening between European nations. The 2 really big things that he supported were self-determination of the nations for their types of governments and also the forming of a European Union thing, in which can help solve problems without using war.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were motivated to help in the war efforts because by being manipulated by the Committee on Public Information, a group made just to publicize the war positively and encourage them to try it. George Creel was set to be in charge of the committee. He signed up four minute men to give patriotic speeches across the nation to stir the people. They also made many movies to encourage people to hate the Germans, such as The Hun, or The Kaiser. Many songs were also written and passed around. However, due to their success. The CPI has created a false image of glory in the war to take down the Kaiser, which would later hit them hard.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Loyalty was forced during WWI because of the fear that German-Americans would turn their backs on their country. Because of such things, Americans overreacted and stopped playing Beethoven in symphony concerts. They renamed German foods and stuff in to liberty-cabbage or liberty pups. Just like how Americans called fries freedom fries after France declined to support the war on Iraq. Then came the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which locked up away “spies” such as Debs, head of the Social party and also the head of the ICC. It also made it so one could not criticize the government.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
It was difficult to mobilize the industry for the war effort because America was simply unprepared to go into total war. America had its roots for a long time in lassez-faire, in which the government cannot regulate the trade as much as it should. This also boiled down to the statesmen looking for state’s rights, and didn’t want the federal government to be forcing them terms. President Woodrow Wilson then was fed up and had Bernard Baruch attempt to orchestrate an industry to help the war effort with the War Industries Board.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The war affected the labor movement because the government had a Work or Fight policy. Taft already set a precedent in which it would help the workers by keeping a good pay and decent hours. The only thing the government didn’t agree to was to keep all labors. To suck up, Samuel Gompers was a loyal supporter of the war, and made sure his American Federation of Labor was loyal with the war too. They benefited heavily from the war by having over 3 million people in by the end of the war. Many labors didn’t support the war and thus lost much relativity.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war. The war separated the women’s suffrage movement. Many progressive women suffragists were also pacifists and therefore against the war. Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to help shape the peace. Eventually they passed the 19th amendment which gave them suffrage.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government did not because too intrusive in people’s lives during the war mainly because most of the things that happened were on voluntary basis. The Food Administration encouraged meatless Tuesdays and wheat-less Wednesdays, both in which were voluntary and only suggestions as to how to live life. It also gave birth to stronger prohibition on alcohol, and gave way to the Eighteenth Amendment. The Fuel Administration was also created to encourage people to use less electricity. There were also bonds. All these things were only voluntary, not forced upon the people.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The government’s effort to raise an army was fair and effective because it was a draft that had no ways to buy out of it. All men 18-45 were registered, and if they were drafted they had to go to war. The transition from the drafting was smooth, and there were some objections but they later shut up as the draft was largely successful, having raised an army of up to 4 million soldiers. The unfair part was that the troops were not given enough time to train properly and were just immediately shipped off into war. Women were also allowed to serve in the military, and black people were also allowed to, but only served in different infantry units.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
The American troops were sent to Europe late after the Allied started losing the war. Russia was breaking down on the inside, the Bolsheveks have already tore down the regime, and is planning to set up a communist regime in the nation. Because of this, they have backed off war and left the Eastern Front open allowing the Germans to focus their fire on the West side, the side with France and Britain. American troops were stationed at Russia to make sure the East front is still a viable option of attacking and also to prevent the Russian border to shrink.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The American troops landed and were the shining rays of hope for the Allied forces. When they came, they had 3 purposes. To defend France and Paris, to provide a moral boost to a much needed losing alliance, and also to provide supplies for the Allied nations. Marshal Foch was a famous French commander and his motto was “To make war is to attack.” Americans came and pushed the Germans back with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and Alvin York was given recognition for killing and capturing lots of Germans. Second Battle of Marne was a huge victory that began the Germany withdrawal.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
America played the role of bringing fear to the Germans because they thought they were invincible after they cracked the shield of the Allied. When they arrived, not only did they win a few battles, but also scared the Germans with their power in numbers. With 4 million expendable troops, it seemed like it was an endless stream of soldiers sailing to Europe. Germany finally decided to stop fighting and had an Armistice on the 11th day of the 11th month on the 11th hour. Thus, people began the tradition of wishing on 11;11.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson made a few political mistakes in Europe and also American politics because of his decision to go to Europe after the armistice was called. To the Republicans, Wilson looked as if he was showing off what American power can do. Republicans also disliked the fact that Wilson brought no Republicans to European to negotiate the peace, only Henry Cabot Lodge.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
The 4 big negotiators went to Paris to talk peace and bargain. Vittorio Orlando represented Italy, Georges Clemenceau represented France, David George represented Britain and Wilson himself represented America. They had conflicted feelings over what to do, although there was a certain unanimity of punishing Germany. Wilson wanted to create a League of Nations which was something no European nation really wanted, but he got what he wanted and everybody else got some except for Italy, who believed that had more land but couldn’t get any and was largely ignored.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilson’s bargains and felt that he was too nice.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilson’s bargains and felt that he was too nice.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was criticized back in America because they felt that it was getting America into an entangling alliance that Washington and Jefferson warned about. This would mean that Americans would be getting themselves into more trouble later down the road. Americans were split over the issue if the treaty was too harsh or too soft on the Germans. And last, Americans felt that the treaty did not earn enough for America, and gave Britain too much power for the effort that Americans put into the war.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The Treaty of Versailles was not very liked by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge and he wanted to stall the congress so he can get better terms with it. At the same time, Wilson decided to tour the country in hopes that he can convince the people to support the new treaty since congress won’t. He didn’t make much progress in the tour, since he came to the Midwest which was filled with German-Americans and over-exhausted himself thus causing him to collapse.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
The treaty was finally rejected because Lodge kept on adding his changes to it his way to tack it and when it was finally time to vote for it, Lodge was for the treaty but Wilson was not so he told the Senate not to pass it and it did not. Then it was put on for vote one more time and it was again rejected. Wilson would not compromise with Lodge, whom he disliked much. Another one was that the League of Nations forced America to back any nation in war if one was attacked.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The results of the 1920 election indicated that Americans wanted a change in the presidency because they were tired of the Democrats, especially Wilson. The Republicans after Teddy Roosevelt died have reunited and made fixes to their party. They nominated Warren Harding and ran his campaign as him being folk and normal and a president. The Democrats had James M. Cox, a pro-League of Nation person. Normalcy was something Harding was running with as a word. The big changes between them and the 16 million votes vs the 9 million shows the major difference shift in the minds of the Americans.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The US should be blamed the most for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles because of Wilson’s plan of creating a League of Nations and then making it all big and losing his political support back in the United States so that it couldn’t pass. America really could have taken control of Europe as a world power and people would’ve listened to America too. Because of that France was able to bully Germany and then caused Germany to suffer and put out a Hitler.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among them because it just isn’t how all nations will act. War was common a form of diplomacy back in the time since if words doesn’t make something through, war does. Justice is hard to serve when there are multiple rulers, and thus forcing them to cooperate but back then they still believed in a dog eat dog world. Thus, it wasn’t the time to think of the perfect in peace world out there.
George Creel
Man made in charge of the Committee of Public Information whose job was to make sure that the Americans will support the war.
Bernard Baruch
The man appointed to be leader of the War Industries Board in which he tried to make a complete shift in the industry and economy to help the economy.
Henry Cabot Lodge
The man that Wilson took with him when he went to Europe to make peace and this guy modified things in the Treaty of Versailles
James M. Cox
The Democratic nominee for the 1920 election. He was pro League of Nations.
Self-Determination
The belief that it is best for a nation to vote by itself what kind of government it wants, preferably democracy.
Collective security
a security arrangement in which each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to threats to peace
Normalcy
Warren G. Harding promise to return America to pre WWI feelings
Zimmerman Note
The note that tipped America into war that was going from Germany to Mexico telling them to go to war with the US.
Fourteen Points
The 14 points of Wilson that he wanted to bring to the peace conference all the way in Europe.
League of Nations
The biggest thing on Wilson’s agenda to have a league of nations that are willing to solve problems diplomatically rather than violently.
Committee on Public Information
The committee Wilson formed to spread propaganda for Americans so that they would join the war efforts.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
The acts passed by congress during the war to make the people scare themselves into being loyal and also made it illegal for them to speak up against the government.
Industrial Workers of the World
A union that wants to connect all unions in the world internationally and form a super union for worker’s rights.
War Industries Board
A board designed to change the course of the industry in America so that it helps them fight the war that is going on.
Nineteenth Amendment
passed in 1920 and acknowledged women’s suffrage
Food Administration
an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety
Irreconcilables
The senators called that because they were considered impossible to change their minds. They were against the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
treaty that ended WWI and forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and pay war reparations
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmerman
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
Woodrow Wilson did not want to declare war on Germany for many reasons, one being which it would drag America from neutrality into the affairs of the European nations. He gave a speech titled “Peace without Victory”, it’s based on the fact that America would defeat Germany and embarrass them so it rather not attend to the fighting. The Germans responded with by taking their Sussex Pledge back, and began to attack all ships on sight with unlimited submarine warfare. After that, the last straw was the Zimmerman note that was intercepted by the British, and it from Germany to Mexico, telling them to start a war with the US to distract the US from the European affairs. Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
Wilson came to claim that his goals in the war was to make the world safe for democracy, and tospread it across Europe or any nation that is willing to take it. He also aimed to prevent there from being a ultra-destructive war from occurring and America was to protect the Allied. These qualities set the Americans apart from the others because they weren’t fighting over some land or stuff like that, they fought for freedom. ‘Merica! It also convinced many of the Americans who were reluctant to join the cause join the war, and to support it even to an extent.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
Wilson had a list of fourteen points in which he addressed to Congress about his goals of the war. One of them was to abolish secret treaties, which destroy countries relations over time. Another one was that he wanted to make it so the seas were free for anyone to travel. He wanted to remove the economic borders that prevented smooth trade from happening between European nations. The 2 really big things that he supported were self-determination of the nations for their types of governments and also the forming of a European Union thing, in which can help solve problems without using war.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
Americans were motivated to help in the war efforts because by being manipulated by the Committee on Public Information, a group made just to publicize the war positively and encourage them to try it. George Creel was set to be in charge of the committee. He signed up four minute men to give patriotic speeches across the nation to stir the people. They also made many movies to encourage people to hate the Germans, such as The Hun, or The Kaiser. Many songs were also written and passed around. However, due to their success. The CPI has created a false image of glory in the war to take down the Kaiser, which would later hit them hard.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
Loyalty was forced during WWI because of the fear that German-Americans would turn their backs on their country. Because of such things, Americans overreacted and stopped playing Beethoven in symphony concerts. They renamed German foods and stuff in to liberty-cabbage or liberty pups. Just like how Americans called fries freedom fries after France declined to support the war on Iraq. Then came the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which locked up away “spies” such as Debs, head of the Social party and also the head of the ICC. It also made it so one could not criticize the government.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
It was difficult to mobilize the industry for the war effort because America was simply unprepared to go into total war. America had its roots for a long time in lassez-faire, in which the government cannot regulate the trade as much as it should. This also boiled down to the statesmen looking for state’s rights, and didn’t want the federal government to be forcing them terms. President Woodrow Wilson then was fed up and had Bernard Baruch attempt to orchestrate an industry to help the war effort with the War Industries Board.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
The war affected the labor movement because the government had a Work or Fight policy. Taft already set a precedent in which it would help the workers by keeping a good pay and decent hours. The only thing the government didn’t agree to was to keep all labors. To suck up, Samuel Gompers was a loyal supporter of the war, and made sure his American Federation of Labor was loyal with the war too. They benefited heavily from the war by having over 3 million people in by the end of the war. Many labors didn’t support the war and thus lost much relativity.
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
Women also found more opportunities in the workplace, since the men were gone to war. The war separated the women’s suffrage movement. Many progressive women suffragists were also pacifists and therefore against the war. Most women supported the war and concluded they must help in the war if they want to help shape the peace. Eventually they passed the 19th amendment which gave them suffrage.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
The government did not because too intrusive in people’s lives during the war mainly because most of the things that happened were on voluntary basis. The Food Administration encouraged meatless Tuesdays and wheat-less Wednesdays, both in which were voluntary and only suggestions as to how to live life. It also gave birth to stronger prohibition on alcohol, and gave way to the Eighteenth Amendment. The Fuel Administration was also created to encourage people to use less electricity. There were also bonds. All these things were only voluntary, not forced upon the people.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
The government’s effort to raise an army was fair and effective because it was a draft that had no ways to buy out of it. All men 18-45 were registered, and if they were drafted they had to go to war. The transition from the drafting was smooth, and there were some objections but they later shut up as the draft was largely successful, having raised an army of up to 4 million soldiers. The unfair part was that the troops were not given enough time to train properly and were just immediately shipped off into war. Women were also allowed to serve in the military, and black people were also allowed to, but only served in different infantry units.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
The American troops were sent to Europe late after the Allied started losing the war. Russia was breaking down on the inside, the Bolsheveks have already tore down the regime, and is planning to set up a communist regime in the nation. Because of this, they have backed off war and left the Eastern Front open allowing the Germans to focus their fire on the West side, the side with France and Britain. American troops were stationed at Russia to make sure the East front is still a viable option of attacking and also to prevent the Russian border to shrink.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The American troops landed and were the shining rays of hope for the Allied forces. When they came, they had 3 purposes. To defend France and Paris, to provide a moral boost to a much needed losing alliance, and also to provide supplies for the Allied nations. Marshal Foch was a famous French commander and his motto was “To make war is to attack.” Americans came and pushed the Germans back with the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, and Alvin York was given recognition for killing and capturing lots of Germans. Second Battle of Marne was a huge victory that began the Germany withdrawal.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
America played the role of bringing fear to the Germans because they thought they were invincible after they cracked the shield of the Allied. When they arrived, not only did they win a few battles, but also scared the Germans with their power in numbers. With 4 million expendable troops, it seemed like it was an endless stream of soldiers sailing to Europe. Germany finally decided to stop fighting and had an Armistice on the 11th day of the 11th month on the 11th hour. Thus, people began the tradition of wishing on 11;11.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson made a few political mistakes in Europe and also American politics because of his decision to go to Europe after the armistice was called. To the Republicans, Wilson looked as if he was showing off what American power can do. Republicans also disliked the fact that Wilson brought no Republicans to European to negotiate the peace, only Henry Cabot Lodge.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
The 4 big negotiators went to Paris to talk peace and bargain. Vittorio Orlando represented Italy, Georges Clemenceau represented France, David George represented Britain and Wilson himself represented America. They had conflicted feelings over what to do, although there was a certain unanimity of punishing Germany. Wilson wanted to create a League of Nations which was something no European nation really wanted, but he got what he wanted and everybody else got some except for Italy, who believed that had more land but couldn’t get any and was largely ignored.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilson’s bargains and felt that he was too nice.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Wilson wanted to compromise his 14 points because he wanted to create his League of Nations so badly that he signed the Treaty of Versailles since he was desperate and sold himself out to imperialism of the European nation. Many Germans were angry with this since they saw hope in the 14 points, but not anymore, and thus bred anger and led to a cause for another war a few years down the road. Many Americans were disappointed with Wilson’s bargains and felt that he was too nice.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
The treaty was criticized back in America because they felt that it was getting America into an entangling alliance that Washington and Jefferson warned about. This would mean that Americans would be getting themselves into more trouble later down the road. Americans were split over the issue if the treaty was too harsh or too soft on the Germans. And last, Americans felt that the treaty did not earn enough for America, and gave Britain too much power for the effort that Americans put into the war.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
The Treaty of Versailles was not very liked by Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge and he wanted to stall the congress so he can get better terms with it. At the same time, Wilson decided to tour the country in hopes that he can convince the people to support the new treaty since congress won’t. He didn’t make much progress in the tour, since he came to the Midwest which was filled with German-Americans and over-exhausted himself thus causing him to collapse.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
The treaty was finally rejected because Lodge kept on adding his changes to it his way to tack it and when it was finally time to vote for it, Lodge was for the treaty but Wilson was not so he told the Senate not to pass it and it did not. Then it was put on for vote one more time and it was again rejected. Wilson would not compromise with Lodge, whom he disliked much. Another one was that the League of Nations forced America to back any nation in war if one was attacked.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The results of the 1920 election indicated that Americans wanted a change in the presidency because they were tired of the Democrats, especially Wilson. The Republicans after Teddy Roosevelt died have reunited and made fixes to their party. They nominated Warren Harding and ran his campaign as him being folk and normal and a president. The Democrats had James M. Cox, a pro-League of Nation person. Normalcy was something Harding was running with as a word. The big changes between them and the 16 million votes vs the 9 million shows the major difference shift in the minds of the Americans.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
The US should be blamed the most for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles because of Wilson’s plan of creating a League of Nations and then making it all big and losing his political support back in the United States so that it couldn’t pass. America really could have taken control of Europe as a world power and people would’ve listened to America too. Because of that France was able to bully Germany and then caused Germany to suffer and put out a Hitler.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was not very realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among them because it just isn’t how all nations will act. War was common a form of diplomacy back in the time since if words doesn’t make something through, war does. Justice is hard to serve when there are multiple rulers, and thus forcing them to cooperate but back then they still believed in a dog eat dog world. Thus, it wasn’t the time to think of the perfect in peace world out there.